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Filmowanie ludzi

Filmowanie ludzi – Wielka Brytania: czy można filmować i czy można publikować?

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Filmowanie w miejscach publicznych jest co do zasady dozwolone; publikacja wizerunku rozpoznawalnych osób podlega UK GDPR i może stanowić czyn niedozwolony bezprawnego wykorzystania informacji prywatnych (misuse of private information); wyłączone jest wykorzystanie czysto osobiste.

Czy mogę filmować ludzi w miejscach publicznych?

No UK statute generally stops you filming people in a public place, and, in Baroness Hale's words in the House of Lords quoted in Murray v Big Pictures (2008), English courts 'do not recognise a right to a person's own image'. The police's public advice service says it is not illegal to take photographs or video footage in public places unless it is for criminal or terrorist purposes, and that photographing someone without consent is a civil matter. The exception is intimate filming: in England and Wales, section 67A of the Sexual Offences Act 2003 makes it an offence to film or photograph beneath someone's clothing without consent, for sexual gratification or to humiliate them.

Otherwise the limits come from civil law. Article 8 of the European Convention, part of UK law through the Human Rights Act 1998, gives everyone 'the right to respect for his private and family life', balanced against Article 10 freedom of expression. Courts built the tort of misuse of private information on this. In Bloomberg v ZXC (2022) the Supreme Court restated the two-stage test: does the person objectively have a reasonable expectation of privacy, and if so, is it outweighed by the publisher's right to freedom of expression. Being on a public street does not by itself remove that expectation; it depends on the circumstances, including the place and whether the person is a child (Murray).

Data protection also applies: a recognisable face is personal data under Article 4 UK GDPR, so the UK GDPR and the Data Protection Act 2018 apply unless an exemption does. The ICO's guidance on home CCTV and doorbell cameras says that if a camera records beyond your property boundary data protection law applies: you need a clear reason, must limit what you capture, tell people, and stop recording someone who objects unless you have a legitimate reason to continue.

Czy mogę to opublikować?

Posting publicly is usually where the household exemption ends. Article 2(2)(a) UK GDPR excludes processing 'by an individual in the course of a purely personal or household activity'. The ICO's view is that sharing with a private friends-and-family audience is likely personal use, but posting to a public account that anyone can view is likely to go beyond it; you then need a lawful basis and should ask whether the people pictured would expect it.

Journalism, art and literature have their own exemption. Schedule 2, Part 5, paragraph 26 of the Data Protection Act 2018 sets aside a list of UK GDPR duties, as far as they would be incompatible with journalistic, academic, artistic or literary purposes, where you process with a view to publication and reasonably believe publication is in the public interest. The ICO explains the scope in its guide to the exemptions.

Misuse of private information applies regardless: whether someone filmed in public has a reasonable expectation of privacy depends on all the circumstances, including what they were doing and the effect on them (Murray).

Co zmienia się w przypadku dzieci?

There is no UK statute specifically about filming children in public. What changes is the privacy analysis. In Murray v Big Pictures the Court of Appeal held it at least arguable that a toddler photographed in an Edinburgh street had a reasonable expectation of privacy, and said he may have one where his famous mother might not.

The ICO says data protection law does not stop parents filming their own children at sports days and nativity plays for personal use, though schools may have safeguarding rules; a school's own prospectus photos need a lawful basis, and the ICO recommends an opt-out. The Children's code is sometimes cited here, but it is about online services likely to be accessed by children, not about filming them.

Użytek prywatny a publikacja

Recording for yourself, your family and friends is a purely personal or household activity and outside UK GDPR (Article 2(2)(a)); the ICO's exemptions guide gives 'taking pictures for your own enjoyment' as an example. Fixed cameras are the exception: the ICO says the law applies to home CCTV once it records beyond your boundary. Publishing to the public takes you outside the exemption (ICO).

Co zmienia rozmycie twarzy

The ICO's anonymisation guidance says data protection law does not apply to anonymous information, meaning a person is no longer identifiable, but 'pseudonymous information is still personal data'. Blurring is a strong step; the ICO itself suggests filters or privacy blockers for footage that overshoots your boundary. But voice, name, tattoos, clothing, location, context and metadata can still identify someone, and anonymising footage is itself 'processing' that must be done lawfully.

Kwestie nierozstrzygnięte

The point at which personal filming becomes publishing (a public account, a large following, monetised content) is ICO guidance, not statute, and the ICO notes its guidance is under review after the Data (Use and Access) Act 2025. Whether an individual vlogger can rely on the journalism exemption turns on a public-interest judgment made case by case.

Źródła

Niezależnie od przepisów w miejscu, w którym filmujesz, rozmycie twarzy osób, od których nie masz zgody, to najprostszy sposób, by przed publikacją nie ryzykować. Anonimo robi to na Twoim iPhonie, bez wysyłania filmu.

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