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Menschen filmen – Ukraine: Darf man filmen, und darf man posten?

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Offenes Filmen auf der Straße oder bei öffentlichen Veranstaltungen ist erlaubt, weil die Einwilligung vermutet wird; die Veröffentlichung einer erkennbaren Person braucht in der Regel eine Einwilligung, und Vorschriften unter dem Kriegsrecht schränken das Filmen des Militärs ein.

Darf ich Menschen in der Öffentlichkeit filmen?

The Цивільний кодекс України (the Civil Code, art. 307) says a person may be filmed only with their consent, but consent is presumed when filming is done openly in the street, at meetings, rallies and other public events. Filming without consent, including secret filming, is allowed only where a law permits it, and someone who agreed to be filmed can still demand that public showing stop for the part that concerns their private life.

The war changes a lot. Martial law has been in force since 24 February 2022 and is still extended (Decree No. 64/2022). Under it, art. 114-2 of the Кримінальний кодекс (the Criminal Code) makes it a crime to spread information about the movement or location of the Armed Forces if they can be identified on the ground and the General Staff, the Ministry of Defence or another authorised body has not published it, with five to eight years in prison and up to twelve in aggravated cases. The Commander-in-Chief's Order No. 73 of 3 March 2022 requires media accreditation in combat areas and lists what may not be shown: air-defence positions, equipment movements, enemy strike results not yet officially published, markings and plates on military vehicles.

The Закон «Про інформацію» (the Law on Information, art. 25) says a journalist may make audio and video recordings with the necessary technical means, except in cases provided by law, including in areas of hostilities after showing a press ID.

Darf ich das Video posten?

Publishing is a separate step. Civil Code art. 308 says a photograph or other work depicting a person may be publicly shown, reproduced or distributed only with that person's consent, unless the person posed for a fee or distribution is needed to protect their own or others' interests. The presumption in art. 307 covers the filming; the Code does not say it also covers publishing.

A recognisable image is personal data under the Закон «Про захист персональних даних» (the Law on Protection of Personal Data), which covers any information about a person who is identified or can be identified. Spreading personal data without consent is allowed only in cases defined by law (art. 14), but the law steps back for processing done exclusively for journalistic and creative purposes, provided privacy and freedom of expression are balanced (art. 25(2)).

The Ombudsman's 2026 media recommendations say an image should be published only if it is necessary for the journalistic purpose, cannot be replaced by blurring, cropping or wide shots, and the harm does not outweigh the public benefit. The Law on Information (art. 29) allows restricted information to be spread when the public's right to know outweighs the potential harm; art. 182 of the Criminal Code punishes unlawful dissemination of confidential information about a person.

Was ändert sich bei Kindern?

There is no separate statute on filming children. Civil Code art. 272 says the personal rights of minors are exercised by their parents or guardians, so consent comes from a parent. The Ombudsman says a child's personal data is processed exclusively with the consent of the legal representative, in the child's best interests; its media recommendations add that children's images should be published only in exceptional cases, never revealing where the child is.

Private Nutzung vs. Veröffentlichung

Recording for yourself is largely outside the data law: art. 25(2) says it does not apply to processing by a natural person exclusively for personal or household needs. Posting publicly is unlikely to count as purely personal, so art. 308, art. 14 of the data law and the journalistic balance test apply, and the Ombudsman's media recommendations ask journalists to know the legal basis for each publication and strip geolocation and EXIF metadata.

Was das Verpixeln von Gesichtern ändert

Blurring helps because the law protects identifiable people. The data law defines depersonalisation (знеособлення) as removing the information that allows a person to be identified directly or indirectly, the Ombudsman confirms that cameras collect personal data and lists blurring, cropping, hiding the face or voice and wide shots as less intrusive options to consider first.

It is not a complete fix. Voice, tattoos, clothing, a caption and the location can still identify someone; the EU Article 29 Working Party's Opinion 05/2014 on anonymisation says anonymisation must be irreversible and that pseudonymisation "is not a method of anonymisation". Blurring faces also does nothing for the wartime rules: art. 114-2 is about troop locations, not faces.

Wo die Rechtslage ungeklärt ist

The Civil Code does not define "street" or "public event", and does not say whether the presumption of consent to be filmed (art. 307) extends to publishing under art. 308; the answer depends on the facts. Order No. 73 binds the military and accredited media; for everyone else art. 114-2 applies, plus local measures under art. 8 of the Закон «Про правовий режим воєнного стану» (the Law on the Legal Regime of Martial Law), which allows seizing video equipment for breaches. Check local restrictions before filming near anything military.

Quellen

Egal, welche Regel dort gilt, wo du filmst: Die Gesichter unkenntlich zu machen, für die du keine Einwilligung hast, ist der einfachste Weg, vor dem Posten auf der sicheren Seite zu bleiben. Anonimo erledigt das auf deinem iPhone, ohne das Video hochzuladen.

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